Baseline Study: Online Hate Speech Targeting Women in Jordan
It explores the dynamics of online hate speech targeting women in Jordan—particularly young women, women with disabilities, and refugees. It combines desk research with qualitative data gathered through focus group discussions and interviews with affected women and key civil society organisations.
This Baseline Study, conducted by NOVACT with the support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), explores the dynamics of online hate speech targeting women in Jordan—particularly young women, women with disabilities, and refugees. It combines desk research with qualitative data gathered through focus group discussions and interviews with affected women and key civil society organisations.
The findings reveal that online hate speech has become disturbingly normalised in Jordan, with many describing it as part of daily life online. This normalization is deeply rooted in a social context where strict gender norms, shaped by ideals of honour, modesty, and obedience, continue to define women’s roles.
Despite the existence of over 20 initiatives and organisations offering legal, psychological, and digital safety support, most women do not report online abuse. Fear of stigma, lack of anonymity, unclear laws, and a prevailing “culture of shame” contribute to widespread silence. These findings underscore that the issue is not only legal—it is deeply cultural and structural.
The study also highlights critical gaps in Jordan’s legal framework, particularly the vagueness of the 2023 Cybercrime Law, which lacks a clear definition of online hate speech. This ambiguity can lead to over-criminalisation or self-censorship, while failing to effectively protect victims. Moreover, many interventions remain fragmented or inaccessible to those living in rural areas or refugee communities.
With this study, NOVACT aims to raise awareness and support evidence-based action to address online hate speech against women. The report offers concrete recommendations focused on legal reform, intersectional support mechanisms, public education, and stronger collaboration between civil society, state actors, and digital platforms. It is not only a diagnostic tool, but a call for collective action to create safer and more inclusive digital spaces in Jordan.